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ARP
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)Updated: 2017-09-15
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NAME
arp - Linux ARP kernel module.DESCRIPTION
This kernel protocol module implements the Address Resolution Protocol defined in RFC 826. It is used to convert between Layer2 hardware addresses and IPv4 protocol addresses on directly connected networks. The user normally doesn't interact directly with this module except to configure it; instead it provides a service for other protocols in the kernel.A user process can receive ARP packets by using packet(7) sockets. There is also a mechanism for managing the ARP cache in user-space by using netlink(7) sockets. The ARP table can also be controlled via ioctl(2) on any AF_INET socket.
The ARP module maintains a cache of mappings between hardware addresses and protocol addresses. The cache has a limited size so old and less frequently used entries are garbage-collected. Entries which are marked as permanent are never deleted by the garbage-collector. The cache can be directly manipulated by the use of ioctls and its behavior can be tuned by the /proc interfaces described below.
When there is no positive feedback for an existing mapping after some time (see the /proc interfaces below), a neighbor cache entry is considered stale. Positive feedback can be gotten from a higher layer; for example from a successful TCP ACK. Other protocols can signal forward progress using the MSG_CONFIRM flag to sendmsg(2). When there is no forward progress, ARP tries to reprobe. It first tries to ask a local arp daemon app_solicit times for an updated MAC address. If that fails and an old MAC address is known, a unicast probe is sent ucast_solicit times. If that fails too, it will broadcast a new ARP request to the network. Requests are sent only when there is data queued for sending.
Linux will automatically add a nonpermanent proxy arp entry when it receives a request for an address it forwards to and proxy arp is enabled on the receiving interface. When there is a reject route for the target, no proxy arp entry is added.
Ioctls
Three ioctls are available on all AF_INET sockets. They take a pointer to a struct arpreq as their argument.
struct arpreq {
struct sockaddr arp_pa; /* protocol address */
struct sockaddr arp_ha; /* hardware address */
int arp_flags; /* flags */
struct sockaddr arp_netmask; /* netmask of protocol address */
char arp_dev[16];
};
SIOCSARP, SIOCDARP and SIOCGARP respectively set, delete and get an ARP mapping. Setting and deleting ARP maps are privileged operations and may be performed only by a process with the CAP_NET_ADMIN capability or an effective UID of 0.
arp_pa must be an AF_INET address and arp_ha must have the same type as the device which is specified in arp_dev. arp_dev is a zero-terminated string which names a device.
-
arp_flags flag meaning ATF_COM Lookup complete ATF_PERM Permanent entry ATF_PUBL Publish entry ATF_USETRAILERS Trailers requested ATF_NETMASK Use a netmask ATF_DONTPUB Don't answer
If the ATF_NETMASK flag is set, then arp_netmask should be valid. Linux 2.2 does not support proxy network ARP entries, so this should be set to 0xffffffff, or 0 to remove an existing proxy arp entry. ATF_USETRAILERS is obsolete and should not be used.
/proc interfaces
ARP supports a range of /proc interfaces to configure parameters on a global or per-interface basis. The interfaces can be accessed by reading or writing the /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/*/* files. Each interface in the system has its own directory in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/. The setting in the "default" directory is used for all newly created devices. Unless otherwise specified, time-related interfaces are specified in seconds.- anycast_delay (since Linux 2.2)
- The maximum number of jiffies to delay before replying to a IPv6 neighbor solicitation message. Anycast support is not yet implemented. Defaults to 1 second.
- app_solicit (since Linux 2.2)
- The maximum number of probes to send to the user space ARP daemon via netlink before dropping back to multicast probes (see mcast_solicit). Defaults to 0.
- base_reachable_time (since Linux 2.2)
- Once a neighbor has been found, the entry is considered to be valid for at least a random value between base_reachable_time/2 and 3*base_reachable_time/2. An entry's validity will be extended if it receives positive feedback from higher level protocols. Defaults to 30 seconds. This file is now obsolete in favor of base_reachable_time_ms.
- base_reachable_time_ms (since Linux 2.6.12)
- As for base_reachable_time, but measures time in milliseconds. Defaults to 30000 milliseconds.
- delay_first_probe_time (since Linux 2.2)
- Delay before first probe after it has been decided that a neighbor is stale. Defaults to 5 seconds.
- gc_interval (since Linux 2.2)
- How frequently the garbage collector for neighbor entries should attempt to run. Defaults to 30 seconds.
- gc_stale_time (since Linux 2.2)
- Determines how often to check for stale neighbor entries. When a neighbor entry is considered stale, it is resolved again before sending data to it. Defaults to 60 seconds.
- gc_thresh1 (since Linux 2.2)
- The minimum number of entries to keep in the ARP cache. The garbage collector will not run if there are fewer than this number of entries in the cache. Defaults to 128.
- gc_thresh2 (since Linux 2.2)
- The soft maximum number of entries to keep in the ARP cache. The garbage collector will allow the number of entries to exceed this for 5 seconds before collection will be performed. Defaults to 512.
- gc_thresh3 (since Linux 2.2)
- The hard maximum number of entries to keep in the ARP cache. The garbage collector will always run if there are more than this number of entries in the cache. Defaults to 1024.
- locktime (since Linux 2.2)
- The minimum number of jiffies to keep an ARP entry in the cache. This prevents ARP cache thrashing if there is more than one potential mapping (generally due to network misconfiguration). Defaults to 1 second.
- mcast_solicit (since Linux 2.2)
- The maximum number of attempts to resolve an address by multicast/broadcast before marking the entry as unreachable. Defaults to 3.
- proxy_delay (since Linux 2.2)
- When an ARP request for a known proxy-ARP address is received, delay up to proxy_delay jiffies before replying. This is used to prevent network flooding in some cases. Defaults to 0.8 seconds.
- proxy_qlen (since Linux 2.2)
- The maximum number of packets which may be queued to proxy-ARP addresses. Defaults to 64.
- retrans_time (since Linux 2.2)
- The number of jiffies to delay before retransmitting a request. Defaults to 1 second. This file is now obsolete in favor of retrans_time_ms.
- retrans_time_ms (since Linux 2.6.12)
- The number of milliseconds to delay before retransmitting a request. Defaults to 1000 milliseconds.
- ucast_solicit (since Linux 2.2)
- The maximum number of attempts to send unicast probes before asking the ARP daemon (see app_solicit). Defaults to 3.
- unres_qlen (since Linux 2.2)
- The maximum number of packets which may be queued for each unresolved address by other network layers. Defaults to 3.
VERSIONS
The struct arpreq changed in Linux 2.0 to include the arp_dev member and the ioctl numbers changed at the same time. Support for the old ioctls was dropped in Linux 2.2.Support for proxy arp entries for networks (netmask not equal 0xffffffff) was dropped in Linux 2.2. It is replaced by automatic proxy arp setup by the kernel for all reachable hosts on other interfaces (when forwarding and proxy arp is enabled for the interface).
The neigh/* interfaces did not exist before Linux 2.2.
BUGS
Some timer settings are specified in jiffies, which is architecture- and kernel version-dependent; see time(7).There is no way to signal positive feedback from user space. This means connection-oriented protocols implemented in user space will generate excessive ARP traffic, because ndisc will regularly reprobe the MAC address. The same problem applies for some kernel protocols (e.g., NFS over UDP).
This man page mashes together functionality that is IPv4-specific with functionality that is shared between IPv4 and IPv6.
SEE ALSO
capabilities(7), ip(7), arpd(8)RFC 826 for a description of ARP. RFC 2461 for a description of IPv6 neighbor discovery and the base algorithms used. Linux 2.2+ IPv4 ARP uses the IPv6 algorithms when applicable.
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
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ARP
Section: Linux System Administrator's Manual (8)Updated: 2008-10-03
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
arp - manipulate the system ARP cacheSYNOPSIS
arp [-vn] [-H type] [-i if] [-ae] [hostname]arp [-v] [-i if] -d hostname [pub]
arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -s hostname hw_addr [temp]
arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -s hostname hw_addr [netmask nm] pub
arp [-v] [-H type] [-i if] -Ds hostname ifname [netmask nm] pub
arp [-vnD] [-H type] [-i if] -f [filename]
DESCRIPTION
Arp manipulates or displays the kernel's IPv4 network neighbour cache. It can add entries to the table, delete one or display the current content.ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol, which is used to find the media access control address of a network neighbour for a given IPv4 Address.
MODES
arp with no mode specifier will print the current content of the table. It is possible to limit the number of entries printed, by specifying an hardware address type, interface name or host address.arp -d address will delete a ARP table entry. Root or netadmin privilege is required to do this. The entry is found by IP address. If a hostname is given, it will be resolved before looking up the entry in the ARP table.
arp -s address hw_addr is used to set up a new table entry. The format of the hw_addr parameter is dependent on the hardware class, but for most classes one can assume that the usual presentation can be used. For the Ethernet class, this is 6 bytes in hexadecimal, separated by colons. When adding proxy arp entries (that is those with the publish flag set) a netmask may be specified to proxy arp for entire subnets. This is not good practice, but is supported by older kernels because it can be useful. If the temp flag is not supplied entries will be permanent stored into the ARP cache. To simplify setting up entries for one of your own network interfaces, you can use the arp -Ds address ifname form. In that case the hardware address is taken from the interface with the specified name.
OPTIONS
- -v, --verbose
- Tell the user what is going on by being verbose.
- -n, --numeric
- shows numerical addresses instead of trying to determine symbolic host, port or user names.
- -H type, --hw-type type, -t type
- When setting or reading the ARP cache, this optional parameter tells arp which class of entries it should check for. The default value of this parameter is ether (i.e. hardware code 0x01 for IEEE 802.3 10Mbps Ethernet). Other values might include network technologies such as ARCnet (arcnet) , PROnet (pronet) , AX.25 (ax25) and NET/ROM (netrom).
- -a
- Use alternate BSD style output format (with no fixed columns).
- -e
- Use default Linux style output format (with fixed columns).
- -D, --use-device
- Instead of a hw_addr, the given argument is the name of an interface. arp will use the MAC address of that interface for the table entry. This is usually the best option to set up a proxy ARP entry to yourself.
- -i If, --device If
-
Select an interface. When dumping the ARP cache only entries matching
the specified interface will be printed. When setting a permanent or
temp
ARP entry this interface will be associated with the entry; if this
option is not used, the kernel will guess based on the routing
table. For
pub
entries the specified interface is the interface on which ARP requests will
be answered.
NOTE: This has to be different from the interface to which the IP datagrams will be routed. NOTE: As of kernel 2.2.0 it is no longer possible to set an ARP entry for an entire subnet. Linux instead does automagic proxy arp when a route exists and it is forwarding. See arp(7) for details. Also the dontpub option which is available for delete and set operations cannot be used with 2.4 and newer kernels. - -f filename, --file filename
-
Similar to the
-s
option, only this time the address info is taken from file
filename.
This can be used if ARP entries for a lot of hosts have to be
set up. The name of the data file is very often
/etc/ethers,
but this is not official. If no filename is specified
/etc/ethers
is used as default.
The format of the file is simple; it only contains ASCII text lines with a hostname, and a hardware address separated by whitespace. Additionally the pub, temp and netmask flags can be used.
In all places where a hostname is expected, one can also enter an IP address in dotted-decimal notation.
As a special case for compatibility the order of the hostname and the hardware address can be exchanged.
Each complete entry in the ARP cache will be marked with the C flag. Permanent entries are marked with M and published entries have the P flag.
EXAMPLES
/usr/sbin/arp -i eth0 -Ds 10.0.0.2 eth1 pubThis will answer ARP requests for 10.0.0.2 on eth0 with the MAC address for eth1.
/usr/sbin/arp -i eth1 -d 10.0.0.1
Delete the ARP table entry for 10.0.0.1 on interface eth1. This will match published proxy ARP entries and permanent entries.
FILES
/proc/net/arp/etc/networks
/etc/hosts
/etc/ethers
SEE ALSO
rarp(8), route(8), ifconfig(8), netstat(8)AUTHORS
Fred N. van Kempen <waltje@uwalt.nl.mugnet.org>, Bernd Eckenfels <net-tools@lina.inka.de>.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 04:45:58 GMT, September 16, 2022
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